Star Clusters

Star clusters are just what the name says they are: groupings of stars that can include anywhere from a few dozen to hundreds of thousands or even millions of stars! There are two general types of clusters: open and globular.   Open Clusters The open clusters, such as the Beehive in the constellation of Cancer and the Pleiades that grace the sky in Taurus, are groups born in the same area of space but are only  loosely  gravitationally bound together. Eventually, as they travel through the galaxy, these stars  wander apart from each other. Open clusters usually have up to  a thousand or so members, and their  stars are  not more than 10 billion years old. These clusters  are much more likely to be found in the disks of spiral and in irregular galaxies, which contain more star-forming material than older, more evolved elliptical galaxies. The Sun was born in an open cluster that formed about 4.5 billion years ago. As it moved through our rotating galaxy, it left its siblings behind long ago. Globular Clusters Globular clusters are the mega-clusters of the cosmos. They orbit the central core of our galaxy, and their thousands and thousands of  stars are held together by a strong mutual gravity  that creates a sphere or globe of stars. Generally speaking, stars in globulars are among the oldest  in the universe, and they formed early in a galaxy’s history. For example, there are stars in globulars orbiting our galaxys core that were born when the universe (and our galaxy) was quite young.   Why Are Clusters Important to Study? Most stars are born in these big batches within large stellar nurseries.Observing and measuring stars in clusters gives astronomers great insight into the environments in which they formed. Stars born recently often are more metal-rich than those that formed much earlier in history.  Metal-rich means that they contain more elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as carbon and oxygen.  If their birth clouds were rich in certain kinds of elements, then those stars will contain higher amounts of those materials. If the cloud was metal-poor (that is, if had a lot of hydrogen and helium, but very few other elements), then the stars it formed will be metal-poor. Stars in some globular clusters in the Milky Way are quite metal-poor, which indicates they formed when the universe was very young and there hadnt been time to form enough of the heavier elements.   When you look at a star cluster, youre seeing the the basic building blocks of galaxies. Open clusters provide the stellar population of a galaxys disk while the globulars hark back to a time when their galaxies were forming through collisions and interactions. Both stellar populations are clues to the ongoing evolution of their galaxies and of the universe. For stargazers, clusters can be fantastic observation targets. A few well-known open clusters are naked-eye objects.  The Hyades is another choice target, also in Taurus. Other targets include the Double Cluster (an pair of open clusters in Perseus), the Southern Pleiades (near Crux in the Southern Hemisphere), the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (a  fabulous sight in Southern Hemisphere constellation Tucana), and the globular cluster M13 in Hercules (easy to spot with binoculars or a small telescope).

A Study On The Community Health Course - 1187 Words

The Community health Course was the longest course and was taught over the 5 year period in different modules that carried different credit units and different contact hours. The course was divided into 8 modules with a total of 14 credit Units. The modules covered in this course include; Biostatistics and Demography, Environmental Sanitation, Epidemiology, Control of Communicable Diseases, Maternal and Child health , Research Methods, Occupational Health, and Health Services Management module. The Biochemistry and Demography module introduced the basics mathematical models used to study health data. Under this, we covered normal distribution of data and the representation of data on charts and graphs. The Environmental Sanitation module introduces the concept of water and sanitation in the community and the disease that could arise in the community due to poor sanitation and the lack of access to clean water in the community. The module also cover introduce to the student on how wh at can be made safe for the community with a case study of the water plant in Mbarara District. Under the Research Methods module student were introduce to the research concept and types of research methods that are, Qualitative and Quantitative methods. Also, the Occupational health module introduced the student to the history of occupation and the Challenges of the work environment and how work can cause disease. The other Modules were self-tutored module lead by students in different groups.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Statement For Public Health Arena897 Words   |  4 Pagesserve my community in the best way. My dream had come true, and after high school was finished I joined the Damascus Medical School at 2008. My study in the medical school gave me a great opportunity to explore health problems in my community. 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Coca Cola †Organization Management Free Essays

Abstract This paper is about â€Å"Coca-Cola† company which produces and manufactures soft drinks, and this product is well known all around the world for many decades. The materials used to get the information about the company are from the internet, newspaper and the bottle itself. The paper will speak about how the product came to the final result as an output and what does it take to manufacture it. We will write a custom essay sample on Coca Cola – Organization Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTRODUCTION Coca-Cola is the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world. It is sold in more and more markets, creating thousands of new jobs in the local economies. The brand is owned by The Coca-Cola Company which works with franchisees across the world. These franchisees perform the bottling and canning operations and are also known as packagers. This paper will discuss the following: * What are the stages of manufacturing? * How does the company guarantee the quality of the products to reach customers satisfaction? * What are the steps after guaranteeing the product so that the product to be introduced to the markets? * Conclusion * Important keywords – Stages of manufacturing -Transforming resources Coca-Cola’s bottlers and canners are concerned with a range of processes involved in transforming resources into the bottles and cans of drink that we are familiar with. There is a difference between transforming resources and transformed resources: * The transforming resources are the managers, employees, machinery and equipment used by The Coca-Cola Company and its franchisees. * The transformed resources are the materials (the cans, bottles, liquids, etc. ) and the information which are processed to create the finished product. Manufacturing Coca-Cola Primarily, Coca-Cola is manufactured by franchisees who are the world’s leading bottling and canning companies. This franchise business is strictly controlled by The Coca-Cola Company. Soft drinks manufacture is a competitive business. Manufacturing techniques are continually improved. This helps meet the highest quality standards for its products using the most cost effective production techniques. For example, very small changes in the shape of the can could save a canning factory millions of dollars in production costs. The production of Coca-Cola involves two major operations: Creating the packaging material * Bottling and canning the finished drink. -Packaging For many years, Coca-Cola was produced in glass bottles. Because of the high cost of distributing b ulky bottles, they had to be manufactured close to where the bottling took place. Today, this is no longer so important since new packaging methods have revolutionized the process. Advanced bottling and canning technology makes Coca-Cola cans and bottles very light but extremely strong. The Company has invested a lot of time and money in research and development to ensure the most effective life cycle impact of its packaging. By using the minimum quantities of materials in packaging, the cans and plastic bottles are simple to crush or to reprocess at the end of the initial life cycle. -Preparing to fill cans Cans are delivered in bulk to a canning plant. At this stage the cans are shaped like an open cup ready to receive the liquid drink. They are not fully formed because the ring pull end has still to be fitted. After they have been inspected to check that there are no faults, each can goes through a rinsing machine to make sure it is clean and ready for filling. Preparing the drink Coca-Cola consists of a concentrated beverage base and a liquid sweetener which are combined to form the syrup from which the drink is made. The Company ships the concentrate to bottling and canning plants where the franchisees mix it with sugar and local water. The water is passed through a number of filters to make sure it is absolutely pure. Carbon dioxide, which makes it fizzy, is also delivered to the canning plant where it is stored and then piped into the manufacturing process through a carbonator and cooler. The Company specifies what equipment franchisees will use to carry out these processes. Samples are taken regularly for chemical analysis, and staff makes frequent spot checks to ensure that plants are maintaining the Company’s standards of cleanliness and quality. The Company provides its franchisees with the most up-to-date technology available and many of them use the latest computer technology and statistical process control methods. -Filling the cans The packaging and the finished drink are combined by a rapid filling process. Every minute hundreds of cans pass along an automated production line and are filled with a precise amount of Coca-Cola. As the cans move along the production line, they are seamed to include the ring pull end and produce the finished can. The ends are inspected to make sure they are smooth and do not have any gaps or leaks. An individual code is stamped on the cans so that each one can be traced back to the point and time of production. A date code ensures product freshness. Cans now look like those you will see in the shops. – Guaranteeing the quality of the product The manufacture of Coca-Cola is carried out by a set of processes called continuous flow production. On a production line, a process is continually repeated and identical products go through the same sequence of operations. Continuous flow production takes this one step further by using computer-controlled automatic equipment to produce goods 24 hours a day. The Company and its franchisees use Total Quality Manag ement procedures that encourage everyone in the plant to think about quality in every-thing they do. Every employee sets out to satisfy customers and places them at the heart of the production process. By continually seeking to improve every aspect of production, employees are able to eliminate problems. Throughout the production process, quality control personnel monitor the product and take test samples. Guarantee that there are no errors; quality control inspectors take statistically selected samples at the end of the production line. Using chemical analysis, these inspectors can guarantee that the product meets the exact specifications; they also check that there are no faults in the packaging. A ‘fill height detector’ uses an electronic eye to ensure that the cans are filled to the right quantity. Cans that are not properly filled are rejected. 3- Introducing the product to the markets Packing the end product into cases The canners then prepare the cans for distribution to retailers such as super-markets, shops and garages. A machine called a case former creates the casing that protects the cans as they are sorted onto pallets. The cans are stored temporarily in a warehouse before they are collected by large distribution trucks. Bottling Coca-Cola So far this case study has focused on the canning process for Coca-Cola. The bottling process, whether in glass or PET (plastic), is very similar. Each plastic bottle starts as test-tube size is blown up like a balloon into the final bottle shape. Whereas franchisees receive cans that already have the logo and any promotional details on them, bottlers apply the labels from large reels once the bottles have been formed. At the end of the bottling line, bottles are automatically sealed with a cap immediately after they have been filled. Just-in-time Canners and bottlers process vast quantities of materials each week. Receiving the raw materials and delivering the finished products involves a complex sequence of actions. The ideal solution is to make sure that the inputs for the process arrive ‘just-in-time’ so they can be transformed into a finished product ready for transportation ‘just-in-time’ to meet the needs of the retailers. At modern canning plants, the cans maker is often located in an adjoining facility, with delivery through a ‘Hole in the wall’ operation. The packagers are involved created supply chain networks with the supermarket chains and other outlets ensure that this process runs smoothly. Canners and bottlers must ensure that they do not build up large stockpiles of cans waiting to be sold but they must also make sure that deliveries are not late. This is where they benefit from advanced information technology that rapidly relays figures about the demand for Coca-Cola. For example, this demand usually rises in periods of hotter weather so the packagers need to plan increased production. Canners and bottlers work closely with The Coca-Cola Company and other suppliers to provide a smooth running supply chain so that consumers are always within ‘an arm’s reach of desire’ and can always buy a drink when they want one. Performance feedback to canners and bottlers In addition to each canner or bottler’s own quality assurance procedures, sample bottles and cans from each market are tested regularly by The Coca-Cola Company. The results are then reported back to the packagers. This feedback helps The Coca-Cola Company and the franchisee to work together and identify opportunities for improvement. Franchisees undergo constant training and retraining in quality assurance, and can always ask for help and advice about ongoing improvement. 4- Conclusion To produce the world’s best known product, The Coca-Cola Company has to employ the highest quality processes and establish standards which guarantee the production of a standardized product which meets consumers’ high expectations each and every time they drink a bottle or can of Coca-Cola. In order to guarantee these standards the Company has had to develop a close relationship with its franchisees based on a mutual concern for quality. Total Quality management lies at the heart of this process involving a continuous emphasis on getting quality standards right every time and on continually seeking new ways to improve performance. – Keywords Continuous flow production: An ongoing twenty-four hour production cycle in which partly finished and finished products pass along a production line. Cost effective: It’s an approach that minimizes or significantly reduces the cost of operations. Franchisee: An individual (Or organization) that is licensed to produce a nd/or sell a named product in a given area, in return for a fee, a share of the profits or sales. Global brand: A product that is recognizable across the world by its logo, packaging or distinctive trade mark. Inputs: They are Materials and labor that go into a production process. Just-in-time: Supplies for manufacturing processes are received just as they are needed, and the end product reaches the consumer just when it is wanted. ‘Just-in-time’ reduces the need to carry large stocks of materials or finished goods helping cash flow. Life cycle impact: Examining the impact of a product from the point at which the raw materials start to be produced and assembled, through the manufacturing process, right up to the time at which the consumer finally disposes of the packaging of the product. Operations: The processes involved in the production of a product, such as filling a can, checking that the can is sufficiently filled, etc. Outputs: Goods and services that are produced once raw materials have gone through a transformation process. Performance feedback: It’s about providing information on the success of performances so that improvements can be made. For example, if a weakness is spotted in quality standards, then it would be necessary to inform the packager so that these could be rectified immediately. Statistical process control: The use of mathematical and statistical control processes in the manufacture of products e. . by measuring quantities of fluid used in given processes, measuring quantities of materials used, etc. to ensure that inputs and outputs always meet specified quantitative standards. Supply chain: It is the chain of processes that links a manufacturer through a distributor to a customer. Total Quality Management: It is an approach that ensures quality at every stage of production, rather than just at the end of the production cycle. Transformed resources: They are resources, such as raw materials and information that are modified in the process of production by the transforming resources. Transforming resources: They are resources that are used to transform other inputs. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/transforming-resources. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 2 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/manufacturing-coca-cola. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 3 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/packaging. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 4 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. k/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/filling-the-cans. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 [ 5 ]. http://asq. org/blog/2011/11/coca-colas-quality-culture/ [ 6 ]. http://www. supplychaindigital. com/warehousing_storage/supply-tech-coca-colas-plantbottle [ 7 ]. http://www. supplychaindigital. com/warehousing_storage/sup ply-tech-coca-colas-plantbottle [ 8 ]. http://www. studymode. com/subjects/coca-cola-just-in-time-case-study-page1. html [ 9 ]. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/making-the-worlds-best-known-product/performance-feedback-to-canners-and-bottlers. html#axzz2EDxPK7W6 How to cite Coca Cola – Organization Management, Papers